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高中英语 Unit4 Behind beliefs English idioms文化背景素材 牛津译林版选修9-牛津版高三选修9英语素材.doc

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EnglishidiomsAnidiomisaphrasewhosemeaningcannotbedeterminedbytheliteraldefinitionofthephraseitselfbutrefersinsteadtoafigurativemeaningthatisknownonlythroughcommonuse.Inlinguisticsidiomsarewidelyassumedtobefiguresofspeechthatcontradicttheprincipleofcompositionality;howeverthishasshowntobeasubjectofdebate.JohnSaeeddefinesanidiomaswordscollocatedtogetherhappentobecomefossilizedbecomingfixedovertime.Thiscollocation--wordscommonlyusedinagroup--changesthedefinitionofeachofthewordsthatexist.Asanexpressiontheword-groupbecomesateamsotospeak.Thatisthecollocatedwordsdevelopaspecializedmeaningasawholeandanidiomisborn.Anidiomisawordorphrasethatmeanssomethingdifferentthanthewordsimplyifinterpretedliterally.Whenapersonusesanidiomthelistenermighttaketheactualmeaningwrongifheorshehasnotheardthisfigureofspeechbefore.Anidiomisnotreallyconsideredtobesetinalanguage.Theyaremoreinone'sculture.Idiomsdon'tusuallycrosslanguageboundaries.Insomecaseswhenanidiomistranslatedintoanotherlanguagethemeaningoftheidiomischangedordoesnotmakeanysenseasitoncedidinanotherlanguage.Idiomsareprobablythehardestthingforapersontolearnintheprocessoflearninganewlanguage.Thisisbecausemostpeoplegrowupusingidiomsasiftheirtruemeaningsactuallymakesense.Anidiomisgenerallyacolloquialmetaphor-atermwhichrequiressomefoundationalknowledgeinformationorexperiencetouseonlywithinaculturewherepartiesmusthavecommonreference.Idiomsarethereforenotconsideredapartofthelanguagebutratherapartoftheculture.Asculturesaretypicallylocalizedidiomsareoftennotusefuloutsideofthatlocalcontext.Howeversomeidiomscanbemoreuniversallyusedthanothersandtheycanbeeasilytranslatedmetaphoricalmeaningcanbemoreeasilydeduced.