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ReflectionsofTimeConceptTimeisariver,atorrent,awaterfall.Timeismarching,flyingandflowing.“Timeisthedevourerofeverything.”—Ovid春与秋其代序。(屈原:《离骚》)Springalternateswithautumn.失之东隅,收之桑榆。Whatislostatsunrisecanberegainedatsunset.—冯异SubjectivetimeandobjectivetimeAmericansseetimeasavaluableresource.Maybethat'swhytheyarefondoftheexpression,"Timeismoney."Americansseemtiedtotheclock.Americanlifestylesshowhowmuchpeoplerespectthetimeofothers.Whenpeopleplananevent,theyoftensetthetimedaysorweeksinadvance.Oncethetimeisfixed,ittakesalmostanemergencytochangeit.Ifpeoplewanttocometoyourhouseforafriendlyvisit,theywillusuallycallfirsttomakesureitisconvenient.Tooutsiders,Americansseemtiedtotheclock.Peopleinotherculturesvaluerelationshipsmorethanschedules.Inthesesocieties,peopledon'ttrytocontroltime,buttoexperienceit.Chinese,forexample,viewtimeasacycle.Theyfinditeasierto"gowiththeflow"thanAmericans,wholikeplanstobefixedandunchangeable.ChinesesenseoftimeabundanceCasesAmericanfutureorientationChinesepastorientationChinesebelongtothe“pasttimeorientation”,andtheChinesenationhavealonghistoryforfivethousandyears,sopeopleinChinaattachgreatimportancetohistoryandtradition.AlthoughcontemporaryChinesepeoplealsopayattentiontolookforward,“past”alsotakeanimportantroleinpeople’sdeepheart.Ontheotherhand,peopleholdadifferentattitudeonthepredecessors.Thisisbecausethecleardifferenceintheattitudetotheword“old”.Soyoumustusesomeeuphemism,suchas“senior”,“aged”,“veteran”,“citizen”,”goldenager”,“elder”,etc.AllthesereflecttheAmerican’s“future-oriented”conceptionoftimeindirectly.Theythinkthatpastthingarejustthepast,theynevertreatpastthingasagoodthing.ChangesPurposes