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TPO4托福阅读Passage2原文+题目+答案解析.docx

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TPO4托福阅读Passage2原文+题目+答案解析TPO4托福阅读Passage2原文文本CaveArtinEuropeTheearliestdiscoveredtracesofartarebeadsandcarvings,andthenpaintings,fromsitesdatingbacktotheUpperPaleolithicperiod.Wemightexpectthatearlyartisticeffortswouldbecrude,butthecavepaintingsofSpainandsouthernFranceshowamarkeddegreeofskill.SodothenaturalisticpaintingsonslabsofstoneexcavatedinsouthernAfrica.Someofthoseslabsappeartohavebeenpaintedasmuchas28,000yearsago,whichsuggeststhatpaintinginAfricaisasoldaspaintinginEurope.Butpaintingmaybeevenolderthanthat.TheearlyAustraliansmayhavepaintedonthewallsofrocksheltersandclifffacesatleast30,000yearsago,andmaybeasmuchas60,000yearsago.TheresearchersPeterUckoandAndreeRosenfeldidentifiedthreeprincipallocationsofpaintingsinthecavesofwesternEurope:(1)inobviouslyinhabitedrocksheltersandcaveentrances;(2)ingalleriesimmediatelyofftheinhabitedareasofcaves;and(3)intheinnerreachesofcaves,whosedifficultyofaccesshasbeeninterpretedbysomeasasignthatmagical-religiousactivitieswereperformedthere.Thesubjectsofthepaintingsaremostlyanimals.Thepaintingsrestonbarewalls,withnobackdropsorenvironmentaltrappings.Perhaps,likemanycontemporarypeoples,UpperPaleolithicmenandwomenbelievedthatthedrawingofahumanimagecouldcausedeathorinjury,andifthatwereindeedtheirbelief,itmightexplainwhyhumanfiguresarerarelydepictedincaveart.Anotherexplanationforthefocusonanimalsmightbethatthesepeoplesoughttoimprovetheirluckathunting.Thistheoryissuggestedbyevidenceofchipsinthepaintedfigures,perhapsmadebyspearsthrownatthedrawings.Butifimprovingtheirhuntingluckwasthechiefmotivationforthepaintings,itisdifficulttoexplainwhyonlyafewshowsignsofhavingbeenspeared.Perhapsthepaintingswereinspiredbytheneedtoincreasethesupplyofanimals.CaveartseemstohavereachedapeaktowardtheendoftheUpperPaleolithicperiod,whentheherdsofgameweredecreasing.TheparticularsymbolicsignificanceofthecavepaintingsinsouthwesternFranceismoreexplicitlyrevealed,perhaps,bytheresultsofastudyconductedbyresearchersPatriciaRiceandAnnPaterson.Thedatatheypresentsugges