有机化学术语.docx

有机化学术语

第一篇：有机化学术语1.有机化合物的官能团和重要的基团官能团functionalgroup双键doublebond三键triplebond烃基hydroxygroup琉基mercapto硫轻基sulfhydrylgroup羰基carbonylgroup氨基aminogroup亚氨基iminogroup硝基nitrogroup亚硝基nitrosogroup氰基cyanogroup羧基carboxylgroup磺基sulphogroup烷基alkylgroup苯基phenylgroup卡基benzylgroup芳基arylgroup烯基allylgroup烷氧基alkoxylgroup酰基acylgroup活性亚甲基activemethylenegroup2.有机化合物的类型烃hydrocarbon石蜡paraffin脂肪烃aliphatichydrocarbon烷烃alkane烯烃alkene炔烃alkyne共扼二烯烃conjugateddiene脂环烃alicyclichydrocarbon螺环化合物spirocompound桥环化合物bridgedringcompound芳烃aromatichydrocarbon非苯芳烃nonbenzenoidaromatichydrocarbon稠环芳烃condensedaromatics卤代烃halohydrocarbon醇alcohol酚phenol醚ether环氧化合物epoxide冠醚crownether硫醇thiol硫酚thiophenol硫醚sulfide二硫化物disulfide亚磺酸sulfinicacid磺酸sulfonicacid亚砜sulfoxide砜sulfone醛aldehyde酮ketone半缩醛hemiacetaI半缩酮hemiketal缩醛acetal缩酮ketal西佛碱shiff'sbase肟oxime腙hydrozone缩氨脲semicarbazoneα,β-不饱和酮α,β--unsaturatedketone醌quinone羧酸carboxylicacid酰卤acidhalide酸酐acidanhydride酯ester酰胺amide內酯lactone内酰胺lactam月青nitrile取代酸substitutedacid羟基酸hydroxyacid醇酸alcoholicacid酚酸phenolicacid酮酸ketoacidB-酮酸酯B-ketoneester乙酰乙酸乙醋ethylacetoacetate亚硝基化合物nitrosocompound硝基化合物njtrocompound亚胺imine胺amine伯胺primaryamine仲胺secondaryamine叔胺tertiaryamine季铵盐quaternaryammoniumsalt季铵碱quaternaryammoniumhydroxide重氮盐diazoniumsalt偶氮化合物azocompound胍guanidine氨基酸aminoacid磷phosphine磷酸酯phosphate亚磷酸酯phosphite膦酸酯phosphonate膦酸phosphonicacid3.杂环化合物吡咯pyrrol呋喃furane噻吩thiophone吲哚indole卟吩porphine咪唑imidazole噻唑thioazole吡啶pyridine喹啉quinoline异喹啉isoquinoline吡喃鎓盐pyryliumsalts黄酮flavone嘧啶pirimidine嘌呤purine4.有机天然产物肽peptide多肽polypeptide核酸nucleicacid核苷nucleoside核苷酸nucleotide生物碱alkaloid碳水化合物carbohydrate单糖monosaccharide醛糖aldoses酮糖ketosesD-核糖riboseD-2-脱氧核糖deoxyribose葡萄糖glucose果糖fructose糖脎osazone糖苷glucoside低聚糖oligosaccharide麦芽糖maltose蔗糖sucrose纤维二糖cellobiose环糊精cyclodextrin多糖polysaccharide淀粉starch纤维素cellulose类脂lipid萜类化合物terpenoid甾族化合物steroid脂肪fat油oil脂肪酸fattyacid甘油三羧酸酯triglyceride磷脂phospholipid磷脂酸phosphalidicacid蜡wax5.有机化合物的结构理论价键理论valence-bondtheory分子轨道理论molecularorbitaltheory共振论resonancetheory凯库勒式Kekuleformula