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高中英语Unit2《Growingpains》Welcometotheunit文字素材4牛津译林必修1.doc

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Homealone Howmanykidsarehomealone? AccordingtotheU.S.census,onethirdofallschoolagechildrenintheUnitedStatesare,forsomepartoftheweek,latchkeykids;thatis,theygohometoanemptyhouseorapartment.Thetotalnumbermaybebetweenfiveandsevenmillionchildrenbetweenfiveand13yearsold.MarianWrightEdelman,thedirectoroftheChildren'sDefenseFund,thinksit'scloseto16millionchildren.TheCensusBureaufoundthat15%werehomealonebeforeschool,76%afterschooland9%atnight.Presumably,the9%haveparentswhoworknightshifts. One-halfofallchildreninthecountryage12to14arehomealoneanaverageofsevenhoursaweek.TheverypoorinAmericaarelesslikelytoleavetheirchildrenaloneathome,orallowthemtogohomealone,thanfamilieswhoearntwicethepovertyincome.Thisisprobablybecausetheverypoorliveinlesssafeneighborhoods,andhavefewerfriendsorfamilywhocanstepin,incaseofemergency.Inspiteofthehoursspentonthejob,workingmothersspendanaverageoffive-and-a-halfhoursadaywiththeirchildren. Homealone-Whataretheeffects? Whenlatchkeychildrenarefunctioningwell,wedon'thearaboutthem.Butwedohearabouttheone-thirdofallcomplaintstochildwelfareagencieswhichinvolvelatchkeychildren.Weknowaboutthe51%whoaredoingpoorlyinschool.Mostteachersbelievethatbeingaloneathomeisthenumberonecauseofschoolfailure.Theafternoonhoursarethepeaktimeforjuvenilecrime.Inthelast11years,juvenilecrimehasincreased48%.TheCarnegieCouncilonAdolescentDevelopmentfoundthat8thgraderswhoarealone11hoursaweekaretwiceaslikelytoabusedrugsasadolescentswhoarebusyafterschool.TheCouncilalsofoundthatteenswhohavesexualintercoursedoitintheafternooninthehomeofboyswhoseparentswork.Unsupervisedchildrenaremorelikelytobecomedepressed,smokecigarettesandmarijuanaanddrinkalcohol.Theyarealsomorelikelytobethevictimsofcrimes.Whenhomealonelatchkeychildrengenerallywatchtelevision,eatsnacks,playwithpetsandfightwithsiblings. Makingthedecision:Whenisachildreadytobehomealone? Personalitycharacteristics,skills,andmaturityareusefulcriteriafordeterminingachild’sreadinesstobehomealone.Personalitydoesn’tgenerallychangemuchwithage