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Integratedcircuit
InelectronicsanintegratedcircUaisoknownasIC,microcircuit,microchipsilicoichiporchip)isaminiaturize(eiectronicircui(consistinigainlyofsemiconductordevices,aswellaspassivecomponents)thathasbeenmanufacturedinthesurfaceofathinsubstrateofsemiconductormaterial.Integratedcircuitsareinalmostallelectronicequipmentinusetodayandhaverevolutionizedtheworld(electronics.
Integratedcircuitsweremadepossiblebyexperimentaldiscoverieswhichshowedthasemiconductordevicescouldperformthefunctionsofvacuumtubes,andbymid-20th-centurytechnologyadvancementsinsemiconductordevicefabrication.Theintegratiorflargenumbersoftinytransistointoasmallchipwasanenormousimprovementoverthemanualassemblyofcircuitsusingelectroniccomponentsintegratedircuit’masssproductioncapabilityreliabil,ityandbuildin—blockapproachtocircuitdesignensuredtherapidadoptionofstandardizedICsinplacedesignsusingdiscretetransistors.
TherearetwomainadvantagesofICsoverdiscretecdrtuaiitcsperformance.
Costislowbecausethe,chiwisthalltheircomponenlasreprintedasaunitbyphotolithographyandnotconstructedonetransistorlaitrtihetiimieremuchlessmaterialisusedtoconstructcircuiasapackagedICdiethanasadiscretecircuit.Performanceishighsincethecomponentsswitchquicklyandconsumelittlpower(comparedtotheirdiscretecounterparts)becausethecomponentsaresmallaiclosetogether.Asof,216ipareasrangefromafewsquaremillimeterstoaround350mm2,withupto1milliontransistorspermm2.
Amongthemostadvancedintegratedircuitsrethemicroprocessoror"cores”，whichcontroleverythinfromcomputerstocellulaphonestodigitamicrowaveovens.DigitalmemorychipsandASICsareexamplesofotherfamiliesofintegratedcircuitshatareimportanttothemoderninformationsocietyWhilethecostofdesigninganddevelopOng:omplexintegratceidrcuitisitehighwhenspreadacrosstypicallymillionsofproductionunitstheindividualIC。cTilsdisminimizedperformanceofICsishighbecausethesmallsizeallowsshorttraceswhichintuallowslowpowerlogicuchasCMOS)tobeusedatfastswitchingspeeds.
ICshaveconsistentlymigratedtosmallerfeaturesizesaokfecrwit
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