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国际多式联运与集装箱运输.docx

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编号： 时间：2021年x月x日 书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟页码：第PAGE-44-页共NUMPAGES44页 第PAGE\*MERGEFORMAT-44-页共NUMPAGES\*MERGEFORMAT44页 4.国际多式联运与集装箱运输 4.1TheNatureofIntermodalism Competitionbetweenthemodeshastendedtoproduceatransportsystemthatissegmentedandun-integrated.Eachmodehassoughttoexploititsownadvantagesintermsofcost,service,reliabilityandsafety.Carrierstrytoretainbusinessbymaximizingtheline-haulundertheircontrol.Allthemodessawtheothermodesascompetitors,andwereviewedwithsuspicionandmistrust.Thelackofintegrationbetweenthemodeswasalsoaccentuatedbypublicpolicythathasfrequentlybarredcompaniesfromowningfirmsinothermodes(asintheUnitedStatesbeforederegulation),orhasplacedamodeunderdirectstatemonopolycontrol(asinEurope).Modalismwasalsofavoredbecauseofthedifficultiesoftransferringgoodsfromonemodetoanother,therebyincurringadditionalterminalcostsanddelays. Intermodalismoriginatedinmaritimetransportation,withthedevelopmentofthecontainerinthelate1960'sandhassincespreadtointegrateothermodes.Itisnotsurprisingthatthemaritimesectorshouldhavebeenthefirstmodetopursuecontainerization.Itwasthemodemostconstrainedbythetimetakentoloadandunloadthevessels.Aconventionalbreakbulkcargoshipcouldspendasmuchtimeinaportasitdidatsea.Containerizationpermitsthemechanizedhandlingofcargoesofdiversetypesanddimensionsthatareplacedintoboxesofstandardsizes.Inthiswaygoodsthatmighthavetakendaystobeloadedorunloadedfromashipcannowbehandledinamatterofminutes. FirstContainership,Ideal-X,1956 OnApril26th1956,theIdeal-XleftthePortofNewark,NewJerseytothePortHouston,Texas,whichitcalled5dayslater.Itcarried5835-feet(8feetwideby8feethigh)containers,alongwitharegularloadof15,000tonsofbulkpetroleum.The35feetunitrepresentedatthattimethestandardtrucksizeintheUnitedStates.ThisfirstcontainershipwasconvertedundertheinitiativeofMalcomMcLean(1914-2001),atruckingmagnatewhosawthetremendouspotentialofcontainerization,particularlyintermsofloadingandunloadingcosts.McLeancalculatedthatin1956loadingamedium-sizedshiptheconventionalwaywascosting